Program Archive - Capital District Humanist Society

Dr. Mindy Townsend is the Dudley Astronomer with Sienna College. She discussed the ways in which nighttime light pollution is impacting astronomy, nature, and humans.

Various types of light pollution, which include sky glow, glare, light trespass, and light clutter, are reducing the darkness of the night sky around the world. In the US, observations by citizen scientists have documented a 10.4% increase in light pollution per year on the Bortle scale, a ranking system for the darkness of a sky. This increase occurs primarily in urban areas, but has also been noted in rural areas.

Research has shown that sea turtles, particularly green sea turtles and flatback sea turtles, are attracted to artificial light. Artifical lights cause hatchlings to be vulnerable to predators and exhaustion because the young turtles don’t head for the ocean quickly. Artificial light also can affect the behavior of bats with different species responding differently to different wavelengths of light. Some species exhibit decreased activity under all lights, while others avoid orange, white, and green light, and yet other species showed more activity under artificial lights.

Artificial light can also alter the behavior of plants and trees. A 2016 study in the UK found the onset of budburst in various deciduous trees was affected by artificial light with early budding trees being less affected. The timing of budburst can have potential consequences on ecosystems. One example is the winter moth caterpillar’s relationship with the Penuncula oak. However, the effects of artificial light on plants and animals are not yet fully understood and requires further research.

Preserving dark skies is important for both environmental and cultural reasons. Light pollution has negative impacts on wildlife, particularly nocturnal animals. There are many challenges facing efforts to reduce light pollution and it’s not always easy or practical to make significant changes. Some simple actions that can reduce light pollution include turning off lights when not needed, directing lights to where they’re needed, and using warmer colored lighting. Some cities, such as Tuscon, and national parks are leading the way in reducing light pollution in order preserve dark skies for future generations.

Light pollution is a significant issue that needs advocacy and understanding from the community. Ways in which light pollution could be reduced or controlled include changing zoning codes and highlighting economic arguments for reducing light pollution that show it could save money for businesses.

Nikhil Goyal is a sociologist, who’s worked for Senator Bernie Sanders at the Senate Budget Committee.

He spoke about his book, Live to See the Day: Coming of Age in American Poverty.

Starting in 2015, he followed a number of youngsters growing up in Philadelphia’s Kensington neighborhood, of aging row houses, populated mostly by Latinos and African-Americans. Working class — or perhaps more accurately underclass, with poverty endemic. The housing crappy, the schools overcrowded, underfunded, and crumbling. Epitomizing the “school-to-prison” pipeline.

Ryan Rivera was not even 13 when a stupid prank, setting a fire in a trash can, resulted not merely in school disciplinary action, but bringing in the police. He would up detained, in court, then expelled from his school and sent to a “reform school” more like a prison. Run by a private for-profit company that also specializes in private prisons. Young Ryan was humiliated and profoundly frightened.

He scarcely even hoped to ever see adulthood, expecting to wind up either dead or incarcerated. Neighborhoods like his do suffer a crisis of gun violence and premature deaths. Their average lifespans are around 71 — on par with less developed countries like Egypt. Goyal suggested that all this dysfunctionality is not due to character deficiencies in people like Ryan and their families; it’s a consequence of the difficult environment they’re forced to navigate.

Ryan was actually fortunate enough to land up in a school that was good for him, and he clawed his way out of his daunting circumstances into a decent responsible adulthood. But hardly can we expect every such kid to achieve that.

So what is to be done? Important though schools are, Goyal posited that fixing schools is not enough, without fixing the urban environments in which they’re embedded. He pointed to the 1996 federal welfare reform as being a setback in that regard. He also discussed President Biden’s 2021 “Build Back Better” plan, an ambitious program for the kind of renewal he envisions; it did not pass, though some elements of it did find their way into the subsequent (mis-named) “Inflation Reduction Act.” Goyal spoke of measures like a living minimum wage, universal pre-K education, revitalizing trade unions, etc. While he considers the federal government politically paralyzed now in regard to such things, he does see some progress being made at the state level.

Dr. Lee Dugatkin’s presentation, Well-Connected Animals: Social Networks & the Complexity of Animal Societies, was based on research about the influence of social networks and information sharing on animal behavior. He believes this research can provide insights into the evolution of human social behavior. Dr. Dugatkin used the concept of social networks to emphasize their role in shaping animal behavior and the importance of understanding their structure. He discussed studies of three different species: Macaques monkeys on an isolated island near Puerto Rico; bottle-nose dolphins along the Brazilian coast; and chimpanzees in Uganda.

A troupe of Macaques monkeys were introduced to the deserted Cayo Santiago Island in the mid-20th century and have been the focus of on-going studies since then. Lee indicated that grooming behavior was a good indicator of the degree and strength of social connections within various subgroups of the monkeys. In general, these subgroups did not intermingle. He noted that Hurricane Maria in 2017 led to significant changes in the social grooming networks, with individuals forming more friendships post-hurricane. The study also found that the number of babies produced increased significantly after the hurricane. Lee emphasized the importance of understanding these dynamics, as they have implications for how both animals and humans deal with natural catastrophes.

Studies of dolphins near the Brazil coast found a unique system involving social networks within the dolphin population and how one of the dolphin networks interacts with local fishermen to the benefit of both. One of the dolphin networks would signal fishermen when their mutual prey (mullets) were in the area. The fisherman were able catch more fish because they had learned where the mullet were at and the dolphins were able to catch and eat more mullet as the fish fled the fisherman’s nets.

A researcher studying chimpanzees in the Boudango forest in Uganda witnessed the creation of a new tool, a moss sponge, by a dominant chimpanzee called Nick. The researcher noticed that after Nick created the sponge to collect water from shallow depressions, other chimps in his immediate social network began making their own moss sponges, presumably after they observed Nick’s behavior. Chimpanzees in other social networks, which did not observe Nick’s behavior, did not create or use moss sponges. However, a single chimpanzee outside of Nick’s social network, found a discarded moss sponge and learned how to make and use the tool after examining it.

Dr. Dugatkin noted that these three cases and the complexity of social networks in other animal species, including honeybees, crickets, kangaroos, and whales show how information is passed from one individual to others. Lee also suggested that someone’s propensity to join a particular political group can be illustrated, in part, by the behavior of house finches, where males with more red feathers tend to stay in their group, while those with less red plumage leave to find other groups where they can do better.

Ben Wang gave a presentation on emergency preparedness — noting that September is National Preparedness Month. This does not mean you needn’t be prepared in other months.

He called this a sobering topic, noting that most people are not prepared for emergencies or disasters until it’s too late.

Wang invoked his background as a member of New York City’s Community Emergency Response Team. Its function was to prepare and educate the public, and support First Responders in disaster events.

An example he discussed was the massive Northeast blackout in August 2003; he himself experienced lack of electric power for several days. Meantime, our local area can be subject to severe storms, flooding, snow, power outages, heat waves, fires, and toxic contamination from train derailments.

Wang said preparedness involves three questions: What should I do? What should I have? How will I communicate with others? A further question might be how can I profit? Leaving that aside, you are generally pretty safe in your own home, if Hannibal Lecter is not in residence. Among the needs Wang identified are water (a gallon per person per day), non-perishable food (requiring no refrigeration or cooking; cans are good but be sure to have a manual can-opener); a first-aid kit; a flashlight and batteries; and a full tank of gas in case you need to skedaddle. Also, something to keep you entertained, bearing in mind that online entertainments may be temporarily unavailable.

But in some cases you might have to evacuate, like in a flood or fire or alien invasion. Wang recommended having a “Go-bag,” a light sturdy portable case for stuff you’ll need to take along. Items suggested: First aid kit, PPE, medications, keys, flashlight, portable radio and/or walkie-talkie, a water collection device, water decontamination pills, non-perishable food, rain gear, extra clothes, a lightweight blanket, child care needs, pet items, copies of important documents, some cash (small bills preferred), and something like playing cards to keep you occupied while you are in unfamiliar surroundings.

Wang concluded with the dictum, “Failing to plan is planning to fail.”

Scott Forschler has a PhD in philosophy. His talk was titled “Morality Demystified: the Naturalistic Origin and Justification for Ethics.”

He began by speaking of using a hammer to drive a nail. We don’t have to think about where that idea comes from. But where does morality come from?

Some people see a supernatural answer. But that’s actually something to which (despite contrary claims) we have no access. Thus producing arbitrary moral claims.

The other alternative is to ground morality in natural facts. But Forschler cautioned that this can result in oversimplification, subjectivity, and harm. Yet he proposed we can explain morality in natural terms without sacrificing objectivity.

He differentiated values from beliefs, the latter pertaining to factual matters. But moral values are higher order things — meaning something that is about some other thing. Like a book about books. Indeed, he said higher order thinking is what distinguishes human animals from others.

One can ascend a hierarchy of higher order concepts — a feedback loop with increasing moral universalization. And it’s that universalization that imbues a moral value with authority. That is, moral precepts are not validated by their source but, rather, as potential objects of higher order valuations. This is what we call our conscience. Providing us with a self-approval we can’t otherwise get.

In this regard he referenced Kant’s “categorical imperative” — telling us to do something only if other people doing likewise would work okay. And Forschler cautioned that it’s not “if everybody did it,” but rather “if anybody else” did it, a more exacting standard. In this context he brought in the Golden Rule, though here too he cautioned that it has some ambiguities. However, he deemed it “self-correcting” if we frame it in terms of how we’d want others to apply it.

This being his take on where morality comes from, he offered logic showing why it can’t come from elsewhere. Getting it from a text (e.g., the Bible) begs the question of why one chooses that text, while others might choose different ones, at odds with yours. But if you counter that there’s a reason for choosing your text, now the basis for morality is no longer that text itself, but rather your reason for choosing it. And now we’re into a recursion — why did you pick that reason?

Forschler said the recursion must terminate on highest order principle. Which he identified as egalitarian altruism — valuing everyone’s consistent values equally.

A key problem raised by his presentation was the dichotomy between thought and action. Certain actions might be clearly immoral, but is it wrong to think about them? To wish someone dead without trying to cause it? The words “thought police” came up here. There was also much discussion of killing a dictator. Forschler cautioned that the consequences may be even worse; such questions can be complex; context is everything.

He finally suggested that perfection is unattainable, and it may be bad to seek it, as opposed to living with imperfection. Don’t let the perfect be the enemy of the good.

Susan Sackett long worked as executive assistant to Gene Roddenberry, the mastermind of Star Trek; her talk being titled “Humanism in Star Trek,” posing the question, “Did it boldly go?” (A reference to the series epigram, “To boldly go,” exploring the cosmos.) Sackett was also on the American Humanist Association Board of Directors from 2006 to 2018 and a Board Member of Humanists International from 2011 to 2017.

Sackett explained that Roddenberry was a committed humanist, and used the shows to push that philosophy. She said it was encapsulated as “IDIC” — “infinite diversity in infinite combinations.”

This was illustrated in two Star Trek episodes, videos of which Sackett presented in abridged form.

One was “Return of the Archons,” depicting a world inhabited by placidly contented people — zombie-like, actually. Their minds being controlled by an authoritarian regime via a computer system, which Sackett cast as a metaphor for religion and belief in God. She also said this episode was intended to vent Roddenberry’s repugnance toward the then-nascent phenomenon of computer games taking over people’s minds. A key message here was that creativity is essential for human life.

The second episode was “Who Watches the Watchers?” Here, people on another planet are somehow persuaded to resurrect ancient beliefs they’d long since grown out of — now worshipping as a god the star ship’s own Captain Picard. Something of an accident from his standpoint, and he’s appalled. Yet the mission’s “prime directive” bars interfering with the current state of a planet, inhibiting his taking any action. But somehow he manages to smooge this dilemma, and disabuses the planet’s populace.

Sackett said this episode shows what happens when people get tainted by religion. It included the verbiage, “Dark ages of superstition, ignorance and fear.” Later, in the Q&A, there was discussion of what amounted to censorship, with the network squelching any problematic content. But apparently, Roddenberry & company got away with stuff like that “Dark ages” lingo by situating it on another planet. Nothing to do with us Earthlings.

Ron Millar is policy coordinator with the Center for Freethought Equality, associated with the American Humanist Association. His talk was titled “Invisible No Longer — Politically Empowering the Humanist and Atheist Community.”

Millar started by noting that it was long “practically invisible” in electoral politics. The first member of Congress to identify as nonbelieving was California’s Pete Stark in 2007. A second in 2017 was Jared Huffman, identifying as humanist and agnostic. Today the Congressional “Freethought Caucus” numbers 22 (all Democrats — what a shocker). Millar noted that over 70 state legislators nationwide identify similarly (out of over 7,000).

What we’re up against he defined as White Christian nationalism — the “America was founded as a Christian nation” nonsense (historically speaking). Xenophobic, homophobic, bigoted, anti-science, anti-(small “d”)democratic, misogynistic, racist, paternalistic [have we touched enough bases there? — FSR].

Millar characterized people in that camp as lacking in human empathy, noting all their demonization of, for example, gay and trans people. And while abortion has long been a ferocious issue on that side, their stance has been rejected wherever people get to actually vote on it — even in a Kansas referendum.

Yet when it comes to political choices, more visceral proclivities tend to motivate voting. Racism Millar singled out as a particularly powerful factor under the surface. Provoked by a Black presidency; the “Tea Party” reflecting sublimated racial resentment. And the battle, he said, is a long-term process that won’t be resolved soon. Christian nationalists will keep fighting. Millar also said that what was once called “Protestant America” has been broadened to embrace Catholics and, even, Jews, with “Judaeo-Christian” becoming the label. And indeed they’re even trying to fold in America’s Muslims [go figure!], with another relabeling — “Abrahamic.” Further, what’s happening is that mainstream religion collectively is declining, leaving what remains with a higher proportion of extremism.

The battle, Millar said, is a long-term process that won’t be resolved soon. Christian nationalists will keep fighting — and it’s a frightening future if they prevail. Thus he urged political engagement, voting being just the “baseline.” Humanists should invest time and money, and build visibility. To help make good voting choices, he referenced the League of Women Voters’ “VoteSmart” and “Vote 411” websites.

Dr. George Veni is an internationally recognized hydrogeologist whose presentation “The World Below: An Introduction to Caves and Karst” shed light on the distribution of Karst throughout the world and its significance in various aspects of human life and the economy.

George provided an overview of Karst geology, focusing on its unique features, its formation by slow chemical process of dissolving bedrock, and the evolving hydrological process of water movement within karst systems. He provided several examples of Karst geology and noted that in some cases their presence is not readily indicated at the surface. He highlighted the importance of responsible management and land use practices to protect karst formations that are a primary water source for many communities.

George discussed the diverse types of creatures that live in caves, their unique adaptations, and their importance in ecosystems. He also covered use of caves throughout history and their potential as time capsules to highlight mankind’s past, such as Mayan or other cultures. He also noted the potential of caves as a source of information about past climates and environments.

Dr. Veni discussed the economic significance of karst landscapes, focusing on the role of water and the discovery of Paleo Karst’s potential for oil deposits in various locations worldwide. In addition, he noted that caves can also hold deposits of other minerals that are useful to mankind.

George discussed the exploration and appreciation of caves, highlighting the importance of safe cave exploration and preservation of the cave environments. He recommended the National Speleological Society’s website as a resource for finding local cave exploration groups.

He also clarified questions regarding the perception and reality of cave exploration. George emphasized the importance of safety in cave exploration, the challenges of septic systems in Karst areas, and the need for expertise in understanding these systems. George noted the challenges and benefits of using advanced computer modeling to better understand groundwater movement in Karst aquifers. He also clarified the complexities of land ownership and regulation in regards to caves in the United States, emphasizing the varying restrictions and impacts of federal agencies like the EPA and US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Eleanor Aronstein has been an academic serving at various institutions of higher learning, who spoke on “End of Life Issues.” She began from this standpoint: “I cherish my life. I also want a say in how it ends.”

Her concern with this issue was prompted by the trauma of her mother’s death from ovarian cancer, saying “nothing alleviated her misery.” Aronstein said she’s still carrying, fifty years later, the guilt of having been unable to do anything in that regard.

Another introductory vignette concerned her dog peacefully “put to sleep,” making her wonder why such a death is not made available for human beings, often instead forced to suffer.

Avoidance of that should be a basic human right. Aronstein traced how other human rights have been expanded — women voting, civil rights, disability, gay rights — and said that should now encompass death with dignity. It’s bad enough to lose someone you love; worse if you’re forced to watch them die torturously. Aronstein told the story of a brain tumor patient who went into hospice (generally providing palliative care), but the morphine supply ran out during a weekend, resulting in an agonizing death. She noted that (contrary to most people’s wishes) only about one in five Americans dies at home.

Switzerland seems to be the most advanced in this respect, enabling anyone to go there to get a painless death. Other European nations, notably the Netherlands, have also permitted euthanasia. [Though it’s generally not available for youth in Asia.] In the U.S., Oregon led the way in 1997 with a medical-aid-dying law that’s become a model, basically replicated since in ten further jurisdictions. New York State still argues over adoption of such a law. It’s opposed mainly by the Catholic Church.

Aronstein noted that in Oregon’s 27 years of experience under such legislation, there have been no instances of abuse. Such schemas generally entail a panoply of protections, requiring two physicians certifying that the person has a terminal medical condition with six months expected lifespan; a written request for the procedure, attested by two witnesses; and prescribed medication to be self-administered (as opposed to physician assisted). Patients must also be able to stand on one foot while juggling three machetes.

Aronstein also stressed the importance of getting one’s pre-death paperwork in order. This includes a “health care proxy” designating someone for medical decisions in case you’re unable to make them yourself; a “living will” specifying what procedures you want or don’t want; and a “Do Not Resuscitate” order ruling out extreme measures. “You can never be too paranoid,” she declared.

Further mentioned were several organizations active in this sphere: End of Life Choices New York; Compassion & Choices; and Final Exit Network, the latter filling the gap for people who want to check out but don’t qualify under Oregon-type laws.

More about Final Exit Network:
• https://finalexitnetwork.org/mission-and-vision/

To stay up to date on right to die news in the US and worldwide:
• https://finalexitnetwork.org/news-events/fen-magazine/
• https://finalexitnetwork.org/news-events/right-to-die-news-service/
• https://finalexitnetwork.org/news-events/the-good-death-society-blog/